| URN | urn:agi-llid:5617 |
|---|---|
| Name | PRL |
| Description | prolactin |
| Connectivity | 1464 |
| Notes | Data support an ""induced-fit"" model for prolactin receptor binding where binding of the first receptor to human prolactin induces a conformation change in the hormone creating the second receptor-binding site. Data support an ""induced-fit"" model for prolactin receptor binding where binding of the first receptor to human prolactin induces a conformation change in the hormone creating the second receptor-binding site. Endogenous prolactin induces estrogen receptor alpha and prolactin receptor expression and increases estrogen responsiveness in breast neoplasms. Human prolactin-G129R-induced breast cancer cell and/or mammary gland apoptosis which is mediated, at least in part, through the regulation of Bax and Bcl-2 gene expression. K+ channel modulation by PRL, via the p59fyn pathway, is the primary ionic event in PRL signal transduction, triggering proliferation of androgen-sensitive prostate cancer cells. PRL fragments are potentially physiological antiangiogenic inhibitors of tumor growth. PRL takes part in the trigger of T-cell activation, and is produced and secreted by the same cells acting predominantly in autocrine form, collaborating in the expression of CD69 and CD154, and the secretion of IL-2 and INF-gamma. Prolactin and heregulin override DNA damage-induced growth arrest and promote PI-3 kinase-dependent proliferation in breast cancer cells. Prolactin expressed as a hexahistidine-tagged fusion protein is active in a rat Nb2 lymphoma cell proliferation bioassay and when purified can substitute for pituitary-derived prolactin. Prolactin may contribute significantly to early corpus luteum formation and survival by acting as a potent antiapoptotic factor for human granulosa cells. Review. The regulation of PRL gene expression in human lymphocytes & the functions of PRL made by the immune cells, including its involvement in autoimmunity, are reviewed. Review: Analysis of anti-prolactin autoantibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus. Review: Effect of prolactin on the antigen presenting function of monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Review: Effects of prolactin on hematopoiesis. Review: Effects of prolactin on signal transduction and gene expression: possible relevance for systemic lupus erythematosus. Review: Polymorphisms of the human prolactin gene--implications for production of lymphocyte prolactin and systemic lupus erythematosus. Review: Stimulation of interferon regulatory factor-1 by prolactin. Review: evidence demonstrating PRL synthesis by different subtypes of immune cells from humans, mice and rats, describe the regulation of PRL gene expression in human lymphocytes, and discuss the functions of PRL made by immune cells. Review: evidence has accumulated to support the hypothesis that both mild and moderate elevations of serum prolactin participate in the clinical expression and pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus. Review: proliferative actions of PRL and its survival promoting properties in immune cells. The N-terminus of prolactin modulates its biological properties. To evaluate a possible role of prolactin genes in SLE & MS formed an association study of 19 PRL SNPs was done. No statistically significant difference in the prolactin receptor allele distribution was observed for any of the tested variations. A direct inhibition of PRL on tumour cell growth, while its reciprocal effect on apoptosis refers to an important regulatory role of PRL. Backbone dynamics were investigated by analysis of 15N NMR relaxation phenomena and demonstrated a rigid four-helical bundle with relatively mobile interconnecting loops. Cyclin D1 may be a target gene for PRL in normal lobuloalveolar development, as well as in the development and/or progression of mammary cancer. Differential changes in nocturnal prolactin secretion among HIV-infected men occurred while maintaining the normal coordinate feedback and/or feedforward control within the lactotropic axis. Expression and transcription in mammary cells. Human T-lymphocytes are targets for PRL. Human ovarian follicular cells are an extrapituitary site of prolactin gene expression. Lack of endometrial PRL expression is involved in reproduction failure. Prolactin binding initiates limited proteasomal cleavage of its receptor, generating a cell-associated fragment containing the extracellular domain; findings described new potential mediator of prolactin action. Results demonstrate a direct effect of prolactin, via functional prolactin receptors, in reducing the lipoprotein lipase activity in human adipose tissue. Results presented are consistent with a role of the PRL-PRLR system in bone/cartilage formation/repair processes. Review: the regulation of prolactin secretion, the clinical features and causes of hyperprolactinemia, and the use of dopamine agonists. Serum leptin and prolactin levels does not seem to be related with angiogenic activity and metastasis in breast cancer patients. Solution structure and prolactin-prolactin receptor interaction. Study provides evidence that cortisol, prolactin and growth hormone respond to psychological stress in humans. The smad pathway and the tumor suppressor menin are key regulators of activin effects on PRL and Pit-1 expression, as well as on cell growth inhibition. Transcriptional activity of prolactin promoter in GH3 cells co-transfected with menin was significantly decreased. |
| KEGG pathway | Cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction |
|---|---|
| Jak-STAT signaling pathway | |
| Neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction |
| Swiss-Prot Accession | P01236 |
|---|---|
| Q5THQ0 | |
| Q5I0G2 | |
| Q9UP51 | |
| P06879 | |
| Q3TT66 | |
| Q9CPQ0 | |
| Q9CPQ2 | |
| Q9CYL2 | |
| Q9CYL8 | |
| B5DEM6 | |
| P01237 | |
| Q58AV0 | |
| Q63293 | |
| Q544X8 |
| Unigene ID | Hs.1905 |
|---|---|
| Mm.1270 | |
| Rn.9759 |
| KEGG ID | hsa:5617 |
|---|---|
| rno:24683 | |
| mmu:19109 |
| Swiss-Prot ID | PRL_HUMAN |
|---|---|
| PRL_MOUSE | |
| PRL_RAT | |
| Q5THQ0_HUMAN | |
| B5DEM6_RAT |
| Cell Localization | Extracellular |
|---|
| GO ID | 0005179 |
|---|---|
| 0005148 | |
| 0008283 | |
| 0007166 | |
| 0007565 | |
| 0007595 | |
| 0046427 | |
| 0040014 | |
| 0005576 | |
| 0007262 | |
| 0030879 | |
| 0008284 | |
| 0046425 | |
| 0030141 | |
| 0032870 | |
| 0007623 | |
| 0033555 | |
| 0042698 | |
| 0007567 | |
| 0050679 | |
| 0030278 | |
| 0042493 | |
| 0032355 | |
| 0045471 | |
| 0032496 | |
| 0007584 | |
| 0014070 | |
| 0007516 | |
| 0005615 | |
| 0005625 |
| Pathway | GHR -> NF-kB signaling |
|---|---|
| GHR -> ELK-SRF/MYC signaling | |
| ProlactinR -> STAT signaling | |
| GHR -> STAT signaling | |
| Donna Regulators | |
| VDR Targets |
| IPI ID | IPI00873653 |
|---|---|
| IPI00855965 | |
| IPI00000871 | |
| IPI00315133 | |
| IPI00211671 |
| Ariadne Ontology | Cytokine |
|---|
| Mouse chromosome position | 13 14.0 cM |
|---|
| GO Molecular Function | hormone activity |
|---|---|
| prolactin receptor binding |
| Homologene ID | 732 |
|---|
| Hugo ID | 9445 |
|---|
| GO Cellular Component | extracellular region |
|---|---|
| secretory granule |
| MGI ID | 97762 |
|---|---|
| 2145398 |
| Human chromosome position | 6p22.2-p21.3 |
|---|
| GO Biological Process | positive regulation of cell proliferation |
|---|---|
| positive regulation of JAK-STAT cascade | |
| positive regulation of epithelial cell proliferation | |
| regulation of JAK-STAT cascade | |
| cell surface receptor linked signal transduction | |
| STAT protein nuclear translocation | |
| regulation of ossification | |
| regulation of multicellular organism growth | |
| cell proliferation | |
| cellular response to hormone stimulus | |
| mammary gland development | |
| lactation | |
| female pregnancy | |
| parturition | |
| response to lipopolysaccharide | |
| multicellular organismal response to stress | |
| ovulation cycle | |
| response to drug | |
| response to nutrient | |
| response to estradiol stimulus | |
| response to ethanol | |
| response to organic cyclic substance | |
| circadian rhythm |
| Rat chromosome position | 17p12 |
|---|
| Group | Cytokine |
|---|---|
| extracellular region | |
| secretory granule | |
| hormone activity | |
| prolactin receptor binding | |
| positive regulation of cell proliferation | |
| positive regulation of JAK-STAT cascade | |
| positive regulation of epithelial cell proliferation | |
| regulation of JAK-STAT cascade | |
| cell surface receptor linked signal transduction | |
| STAT protein nuclear translocation | |
| regulation of ossification | |
| regulation of multicellular organism growth | |
| cell proliferation | |
| cellular response to hormone stimulus | |
| mammary gland development | |
| lactation | |
| female pregnancy | |
| parturition | |
| response to lipopolysaccharide | |
| multicellular organismal response to stress | |
| ovulation cycle | |
| response to drug | |
| response to nutrient | |
| response to estradiol stimulus | |
| response to ethanol | |
| response to organic cyclic substance | |
| circadian rhythm |
| RGD ID | 3403 |
|---|
| LocusLink ID | 5617 |
|---|---|
| 19109 | |
| 24683 | |
| 105327 |
| Alias | prolactin |
|---|---|
| OTTHUMP00000017727 | |
| Prl1a1 | |
| AV290867 | |
| RP23-351I6.2 | |
| PRLB | |
| Prol | |
| PRLSD1 | |
| RNPROL | |
| RATPRLSD1 | |
| prolactin family 1, subfamily a, member 1 | |
| LOC266804 | |
| placental prolactin-like protein K | |
| PLP-A | |
| PLP-Cbeta | |
| RIKEN cDNA 1600017L04 gene | |
| Prlpc | |
| Prlpc3 | |
| Prlph | |
| Prlpl | |
| prolactin-like protein A | |
| prolactin-like protein E | |
| proliferin | |
| 2310047B08Rik | |
| decidual/trophoblast prolactin-related protein | |
| PLP-F | |
| PLP-L | |
| prolactin-like protein C I | |
| prolactin-like protein C II | |
| RIKEN cDNA 1600017N11 gene | |
| Chorionic somatomammotropin hormone 1 variant, Placental lactogen I | |
| Prlpc I | |
| RATPRLSD I | |
| 1600032B14Rik | |
| 3830403L08Rik | |
| chorionic somatomammotropin hormone 1 variant | |
| d/tPRP | |
| decidual prolactin-related protein | |
| decidualin | |
| Dtprp | |
| Prlpe | |
| Prlpf | |
| Prlpg | |
| Prlpi | |
| Prlpj | |
| prolactin-like protein B | |
| Prolactin-like protein C | |
| prolactin-like protein C 2 | |
| prolactin-like protein C 3 | |
| prolactin-like protein D | |
| prolactin-like protein F | |
| prolactin-like protein G | |
| prolactin-like protein H | |
| prolactin-like protein L | |
| prolactin-like protein M | |
| proliferin related protein | |
| RIKEN cDNA 1600014J19 gene | |
| RIKEN cDNA 1600016E11 gene | |
| placental prolactin-like protein C delta | |
| placental prolactin-like protein O | |
| Plfr | |
| Pl-Iv | |
| PLP I | |
| Plpa | |
| Plpcbeta | |
| PLP-Cd | |
| PLP-Cgamma | |
| PLP-E | |
| PLP-G | |
| PLP-J | |
| PLP-M | |
| PLP-O | |
| Prlfp | |
| Prlpa | |
| Prlpb | |
| Prlpc1 | |
| Prlpc2 | |
| Prlpd | |
| 1600014J19Rik | |
| 1600016E11Rik | |
| 1600017N11Rik | |
| RIKEN cDNA 9230118O15 gene | |
| prolactin-like C beta isoform 2 | |
| prolactin-like C beta isoform II | |
| placental prolactin-like C | |
| prolactin-like protein C III | |
| Csh1v | |
| PLP-B | |
| PLP-K | |
| Prlpm | |
| prolactin-like protein J | |
| Plpc | |
| 1600017L04Rik | |
| Chorionic somatomammotropin hormone 1 variant, Placental lactogen-1 | |
| prolactin-like protein C 1 | |
| RIKEN cDNA 2310047B08 gene | |
| PRLSD I | |
| DPRP | |
| PRL | |
| prolactin-like protein C beta | |
| AV036230 | |
| Prlpc1s | |
| Prlpc3s | |
| PRLSD1s | |
| Prlpc2s | |
| D13Wsu14e | |
| fetal and adult testis expressed transcript protein | |
| 1600019F10Rik | |
| prolactin-like protein C beta precursor | |
| placental prolactin-like protein N | |
| 1600013P04Rik | |
| 9230118O15Rik | |
| mitogen regulated protein 4 precursor | |
| prolactin-like protein I | |
| Prlpc Is | |
| PRLSD Is | |
| fetal and adult testis expressed I | |
| fetal and adult testis expressed 1 | |
| fate1 |
| Organism | Homo sapiens |
|---|---|
| Mus musculus | |
| Rattus norvegicus |
| OMIM ID | 176760 |
|---|